1901-1911: Prelude to a Transformation

1911-1921: The Deanship of George Blumer and the Beginnings of the Move to Cedar Street

1921-1931: Milton C. Winternitz and the "Boom Years" at Yale School of Medicine

1931-1941: The Institute of Human Relations and the Depression Years

1941-1951: War Service, War Research, and the Immediate Postwar Period

Cushing/Whitney Medical Library

Historical Library

Bibliography of
Secondary Sources
on the History of
Yale Medical School

 

1911-1921

The second decade of the century, the years of George Blumer's deanship, were marked by major improvements in the Medical School. The School forged an agreement with the New Haven Hospital whereby Yale professors would take charge of the wards throughout the year and be able to use the wards for medical education. As part of the agreement, Yale built Brady Laboratory on Cedar Street, funded by a gift from Anthony Brady. Blumer recruited Milton Winternitz in 1917 to be chairman of the new Pathology Department. Finally, with the assistance of a matching grant from the General Education Board, the Corporation raised endowment funds for the Medical School, and the School adopted the full-time system whereby key faculty in clinical areas would be paid a full-time salary for teaching and research.

 

Agreement with New Haven Hospital, 1913 and 1917

 

Celebration of the Centennial of the Medical School, 1914

The Medical Institution of Yale College was chartered in 1810 and opened in 1813. The first students received their M.D.'s in 1814. Perhaps the centennial was celebrated in 1914 rather than 1910 in order to celebrate the agreement with New Haven Hospital. The timeline in the program ends with the long-sought agreement.

 

Centennial Banquet, 1914

This gathering of alumni of the Medical School took place in the Commons Dining Hall.

 

Joseph Marshall Flint, Professor of the Principles and Practice of Surgery, 1907-1921

When Cushing declined the professorship of surgery, Flint was recruited. Upon Yale's adoption of the full-time system, Flint became Yale's first full-time professor of surgery. He was largely responsible for the unit that Yale sent to serve in World War I.

 

Mobile Unit 39, the Medical School's Service Unit in World War I

Joseph Marshall Flint, who had served in a French hospital in Passy in 1915, conceived and organized a mobile hospital unit to consist of Yale medical faculty and students. The Yale Corporation voted $250,000 to support the hospital. The Yale Mobile Unit arrived in France in early 1918 and spent most of the winter of at Base Hospital 39 at Limoges and then moved to the front during a major German offensive. Flint and his colleagues developed the "Ford factory principle" to increase efficiency to the extent that they could operate on one severely wounded patient every 45 minutes.

 

The General Education Board, Rockefeller Foundation, Patron of the Medical School

This arm of the Rockefeller Foundation funded education ranging from practical farm training to medical schools. Abraham Flexner was appointed to be assistant secretary of the General Education Board. Flexner funded endowments of medical schools willing to adopt the full-time system and the ideals of the Flexner Report. The support of the G.E.B. was pivotal to the building and outfitting of Sterling Hall of Medicine and to the rise of Yale to the highest rank of medical schools.

 

Brady Laboratory, opened in 1917

In return for greater control of the clinical facilities of the Hospital, the University agreed to build and maintain a pathological laboratory in connection with the Hospital. The funds for Brady Laboratory were provided by children of Anthony N. Brady as a memorial. The Department of Pathology, headed by Milton C. Winternitz, was housed in Brady.

 

Charles Edward Amory Winslow, First Professor and Chairman of Public Health, 1915-1945

One of Blumer's major achievements was to found a Department of Public Health in 1915 with C.-E.-A. Winslow as chairman. Epidemiology and Public Health will be the subject of a separate Tercentennial Exhibit in 2001.

 

Louise Farnam, Pioneer Woman Student at Yale School of Medicine, 1916

The Yale School of Medicine admitted its first women students in 1916, about the same time as a number of other medical schools began to admit women. One minor stumbling block to the admission of women was that there were no lavatory facilities for them. Henry W. Farnam, professor of economics and a member of the board of New Haven Hospital, offered to pay for them. His daughter Louise Farnam was one of two women to graduate in 1920. She won the Cambell Gold Medal for scholastic achievement. After further training at Johns Hopkins, she joined the faculty of the Yale-sponsored medical school in Chang-sha, China. Her classmate, Helen May Scoville, was hired by Yale as an instructor in surgery and pathology.

 

Class of 1921

The one woman in the Class of 1921, the second to graduate women, is Ella Clay Wakeman. She later served as Director of Public Health of Bethany, Connecticut for 23 years.

The faculty seated in the second row are: Frank P. Underhill, Chairman of Pharmacology and Toxicology from 1921 to 1932; George Blumer, former Dean and since 1920, David Paige Smith Clinical Professor of Medicine; Dean Milton C. Winternitz; Joseph Marshall Flint, Professor of Surgery, 1907-1921; and Harry Burr Ferris, E.K. Hunt Professor of Anatomy, 1897-1933.

 

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