Office of Education
Yale University
School of Medicine
367 Cedar Street
300 ESH
New Haven, CT
06519 USA

Name: Introduction

Helen Minetti, a 61-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital because of acute dyspnea and right sided chest pain.

Mrs. Minetti has a long history of medical problems including hypertension, insulin dependent diabetes, and atherosclerotic vascular disease having sustained an inferior wall transmural myocardial infarction in 1988, and a left below-the-knee amputation in 1997.

In 1999 she underwent a left mastectomy for breast carcinoma and completed 6 months of adjuvant chemotherapy because of tumor involvement in 3 axillary lymph nodes (hormone receptors were negative).

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